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Laboratory diagnostics of Hepatitis B
JANŮ, Denisa
Hepatitis B is an inflammatory viral disease of the liver. The etiological agent is a DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family. It is transmitted through the blood and secretions of an infected person. The greatest danger of the disease lies in the transition to chronicity. Chronic infection carries a high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is widespread throughout the world. The most reliable prevention is vaccination and avoidance of risky behavior and contact with persons with risky behavior, especially drug users and promiscuous persons. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to get acquainted with the disease of viral hepatitis B and to describe the current possibilities of diagnostics of hepatitis B markers using the COBAS e601 device from ROCHE by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and quantification of viral DNA on the COBAS 4800 from ROCHE by real time PCR and evaluation of results using both methods. The set of examined samples comes from the laboratory of infectious serology and virology of the company VIDIA-DIAGNOSTIKA. The results show that HBsAg is the most investigated marker of hepatitis B. Positive findings make up only 0.67%. The ratio of HBsAg positive men and women in 2019 was almost balanced. Most HBsAg positive patients were aged 30-40 years. I also examined the prevalence of anti-HBc Ig total antibodies. The positivity of anti-HBc Ig total was confirmed in 4.27% of examinations. The ratio of anti-HBc Ig total positive men and women in 2019 was also almost balanced and the most positive were at the age of 30-40 years.
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Selected Bacterial and Viral Infections Transmitted through Sexual Contact
Tesařová, Kateřina ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
Selected bacterial and viral infections transmitted through sexual contact The abstract This thesis deals with selected bacterial and viral venereal disease. It is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) transmitted mainly through sexual contact. The elaborated retrieval work deals with the occurrence of these selected infections - chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts and cervical cancer. Its task is a summary of the issue of sexually transmitted diseases, a detailed introduction to current information and results of scientific research. The attention is paid to the individual diseases, the general characteristics of viruses or bacteria, symptoms and mode of transmission. Further the study points to ways of diagnosis and treatment, epidemiological incidence of infection. Last but not least the emphasis is on prevention. Keywords: sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV / AIDS, genital herpes, genital wals, cervical cancer
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Selected Bacterial and Viral Infections Transmitted through Sexual Contact
Tesařová, Kateřina ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
Selected bacterial and viral infections transmitted through sexual contact The abstract This thesis deals with selected bacterial and viral venereal disease. It is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) transmitted mainly through sexual contact. The elaborated retrieval work deals with the occurrence of these selected infections - chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts and cervical cancer. Its task is a summary of the issue of sexually transmitted diseases, a detailed introduction to current information and results of scientific research. The attention is paid to the individual diseases, the general characteristics of viruses or bacteria, symptoms and mode of transmission. Further the study points to ways of diagnosis and treatment, epidemiological incidence of infection. Last but not least the emphasis is on prevention. Keywords: sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV / AIDS, genital herpes, genital wals, cervical cancer
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Hepatitis occurrence among patient of the Psychiatric Hospital Červený Dvůr between 2000 and 2009.
BANÁKOVÁ, Marie
This thesis is focused on occurrence of viral hepatitises by clients in Psychiatric Hospital Červený Dvůr between 2000 and 2009. In my beachelor thesis was covered years from 2000 to 2004. Now I continue with this diploma thesis where I want the 10 year results join together to show how the situation is developing. The intravenous drug users are the aimed group. These drug users belong to a high-risk group in which hepatitises types A, B or C are spread the most thanks to their high-risk behaviour. These days researches and epidemiologic researches show that the intravenous drug users belong among the main high-risk groups endangered by infectious disease. Viral hepatitises represent a serious problem, mainly hepatitis type C, because there is no way of protection. This hepatitis is occuring without any symptoms of this disease by 50 ? 70 % people. By 70 ? 80 % it passes into a chronic stadium. It is possible to protect yourself by hepatitis type A vaccination. This hepatitis doesn´t change into a chronic stadium. It is easily spread by infected water or food. In our republic there occured several epidemics. Hepatitises started to spread among drug users and then they spread also among the rest of population. The last epidemic occured in 2008. Hepatitis type B represents high risks for the perceptive population. There is a vaccine and population have a chance to protect against it. In the Czech Republic there is vaccination carried out within special vaccination of people who have high-risk job, for example in health service. Children of HBsAg positive mothers are vaccinated after they are born. From 2001 hepatitis vaccination was put into regular vaccination of children aged under 1 year in our republic. Also 12 year old children are vaccinated from 2001. Hepatitis type B often becomes chronic and the mortality is 1 ? 2 %. Intravenous using of drug is important high-risk factor. It is one of the ways of transfering hepatitises type B and C. Next monitored indicators are the age of the clients, achieved level of education, basic drug, the age of the first usage of any drug, the age of intravenous application of drug and occurrence of hepatitises type A, B, C by clients. According to my research I used quantitative research which allows me to analyse problem of viral hepatitises by clients from Psychiatric Hospital in Červený Dvůr. The gained information was worked out by secondary analysis of medical data. The monitored group has 2499 clients in years 2000 ? 2009. The aim of this thesis is to get general knowledge about prevalence of viral hepatitises by clients of Psychiatric Hospital in Červený Dvůr from 2000 to 2009 and to consider their progress. The methodical procedure: there will be used a content analysis of medical data given by Psychiatric Hospital in Červený Dvůr. The result of this thesis is that it indicates and covered the develop of drug scene. Concerning the age the main group consists of 20 ? 24 year old men and women, next large group consists of clients aged 25 ? 29. The monitored group is also changing according to achieved level of education. In the first five years of research there dominated vocational school, but in the last five years there it changed into basic school. Among women there happened no change. There basic school still dominates. Concerning the drugs there also changed something. At the beginning there dominated clients using heroin, in the middle there meth dominated. Hepatitis type A in acute stadium was revealed by only two clients. Hepatitis type B noticed a slight increase. Hepatitis type C also noticed a sligh increase, but it is probably a sign of increase of clients with chronic form of this hepatitis.
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The Awareness of Hepatitis B, C, D and Possible Ways of its Transmission at Intravenous Drug Users in Pardubice Region
TICHÁ, Žaneta
This thesis deals with the knowledge regarding viral hepatitis B, C and D considering intravenous drug application. Viral hepatitides represent one of big medical problems around the world. Hepatitis B, C and D belong among the most serious infectious diseases blood and sexually transmitted. However, these are not the only possible ways of transmission. At viral hepatitides there exists a risk of infection not always due to their own fault. We are all exposed to this risk and therefore it is important to inform and raise awareness about viral hepatitides not only among intravenous drug users but also general population. All over the world 2 billion of people are estimated to suffer viral hepatitis B, over 180 million hepatitis C and the number of people infected with viral hepatitis D is estimated for 15 million. Viral hepatitides can cause acute illness as well as we must take into account asymptomatic form of this disease. The infected itself does not have to know about his/her disease for a long time, therefore all the stated numbers are estimations. The theoretical part deals with actual situation ? in the first part there is defined the term intravenous drug user and there are listed the most important risks of this way of drug application. Next part is divided into five subchapters. In the first three subchapters I deal with viral hepatitides B, C and D. These subchapters describe an occurrence, source of infection, ways of transmission and symptoms of individual diseases. The second last subchapter describes prevention of viral hepatitides and the last one presents a treatment of viral hepatitides. Practical part includes a research. The research sample created intravenous drug users attending Kontaktní centrum Laxus o. s. (Contact Centre) in Pardubice and a field program in the Pardubice region. For this research I chose the method of questioning, the questionnaire technique. The result data were processed and consequently entered into graphs and tables. The results were assessed and compared to an available literature within a discussion. There were defined two targets and six hypotheses within the research.
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Profesional injuries of the graduate medical staff in the Ústecký region hospitals
KRÁTKÁ, Hana
The reason for choosing "Occupational Injuries of Medium-Level Medical Personnel in Hospitals in the Region of Ústí nad Labem" as the topic of my master's degree stems from the fact that I have already inquired into this topic in my bachelor's thesis. Work-related injuries of hospital nurses are an interesting and important issue. Therefore, my aim was to explore this currently very up-to-date and crucial topic in greater detail, to map the level of legislative knowledge among nurses working at hospitals in the Region of Ústí nad Labem, as well as to become familiar with the opinions of hospital head nurses in the region on this issue. Health care personnel face the daily risk of injury from used syringes and other sharp objects, which, in turn, pose a hazard for their exposure to infectious agents. More than 800,000 syringe injuries occur to over 800,000 health care personnel in the United States and to 100,000 in the United Kingdom every year. Of all health professionals, nurses are exposed to the highest risk of injury from used syringes and other sharp objects. The most frequent diseases associated with occupational injuries include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS. Work-related and non-work related injuries from used syringes or other sharp objects contaminated with biological material are recorded and evaluated separately by regional hygiene stations. The first, theoretical part of the thesis describes the individual diseases associated with injuries from used syringes or other sharp objects, precautionary and repressive measures related to sharp object injuries, as well as valid legal regulations on occupational injuries. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to research and it provides an evaluation of questionnaires completed by nurses from hospitals in the Region of Ústí nad Labem. Furthermore, it presents an overview of secondary data on medical personnel injuries collected from annual reports of the Regional Hygiene Station in Ústí nad Labem, as well as an evaluation of interviews conducted with the hospital head nurses in the region. The results of the thesis will be communicated to the hospital head nurses in the region and/or to the head nurses of individual wards and departments, and they shall serve as the basis for further education of health professionals in the area of occupational injuries.
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